Geographic Information System is a cluster of various applications which are used for location based services. It captures, stores and analyze the data related to position on earth. It shows multiple data in a single map. This enables people to use this GIS more easily. It is a broad term includes a number of different technologies, applications and softwares. With GIS technology, people can compare the locations and can check pollution producers. GIS can be informative about education, business and agriculture as well.

Most national security decisions involve location services. It consists of accessing information about terrorist targets, where to strike on the battlefield and other info. Hence geography always comes into the equation. For better defence decisions, real time geographical visualization of the battlefield is required and that is only possible because of GIS. These data for defence services is imperative. There is a need to review the maps and imagery need to be processed for flawless functioning of strategic and operational levels.

The defence GIS requires geospatial base data in terms of digitized maps, imagery and attributes to deliver the data efficiently to users. Resources, policies and standard are necessary to store, process and improve utilization of geospatial data. The theory of 4Cs (Command, Communication, Control, Coordination) in the military is almost completely dependent on GIs for quick decision making or operational orders. Use of GIS in the military has completely changed the way how they function. Armed forces utilize GIS in a plenty of applications that consist cartography, remote sensing, intelligence, terrain analysis, battlefield management, and observing potential terrorist activities. The war victory so much depends on technology. To sustain the control over area, armed forces require geospatial data. Spatial statistics is very important to the Military in the war and for decision making for development of business and state.

The administrators in every country collect statistics related to routing, filtering and information to be a good decision maker. The local conflicts also pressurize the minister and they have to be up to date with situations. Therefore, GIS occupies the focal point in mission briefing and command control.

In recent times, drastic changes can be seen in the banking industry. It seems that these changes are reflecting several kinds of underlying developments. The dissemination of financial information and financial services can be broadened and accelerated through the significant advancements in communication and information technology and by this way the complexity has been also increased.

GIS Data management is one of the key aspects on which the success of Banks and Financial Institutions may depend

It seems that the competition among the different domestic and foreign banking institutions has been increased. It can be stated that the banks are adopting better operational strategies as well as upgrading different skills due to regulations. Due to all these factors, challenges to banking sector are increasing.

To address these challenges, a customer-oriented business prototype may be one solution. The responsibility of a bank is to provide various financial products and services to the customers. Today, banks should have to be market responsive as well as market driven. Data management is one of the key aspects on which the success of these institutions majorly depends. Customer relation organization is also another important factor in this regard. Banks manage lots of customer related data. Banks can gain an enormous advantage by the addition of an element called “Location” to the client-records. Banking /Financial institutions community can be well benefited through long-term planning mixed with geographic modeling.

For a better understanding of the markets and prospective customers, the marketing departments of the banks may use GIS

With the aim of achieving different business objectives of banks, GIS plays a significant part in many important parts of banking. The objectives are to expand the Customer base, to improve the class of services, to increase Customer Satisfaction, to maintain consistency in business growth, and to increase profitability. GIS helps to provide support in strategic planning and decision-making in different functional Areas of the banks.

Marketing is a client-orientated operation, which is crucial for any bank in today’s highly competitive Business environment. For a better understanding of the markets and prospective customers, the marketing departments of the banks may use GIS- based Marketing analysis. It can be stated that the marketing depends on the demand as well on supply. Supply and demand can easily point to a terrestrial locality. GIS can help in analyzing these factors easily. Today it seems that geo-demographic investigation is very important to marketing. To target the specified customers, all kinds of market segmentation techniques are important.

Geographic Information Systems is a widely used systems integrated with technology. Nowadays there are several companies, industries, various sectors and governments utilizing the GIS. It is a combination of GPS or Global Positioning System with RS/ Remote Sensing and Geo –Informatics.
Role of GIS in Today’s World:

Today there are several industries across various sectors who have integrated these services. Some of them include the Energy Development, Emergency Management, Oceans Development, Land Mapping, Human Health Use, and Population Management. These are only to name a few

Some Practical Uses of GIS: The GIS technology is put to full use in various fields especially the internet and telecom sectors as below:

• Creation of Maps
• Acquiring Census
• Ground Surveys
• Geo- Database
• Network Monitoring
• Network Recovery

Various Roles of GIS in Telecomm Industry

Network Structure

As of now we will cover the GIS in Telecomm Industry. In order to visualize external data and internal data in a geographical nature and also to get market trends and demographic information telecom companies can take business decisions. This data from the GIS systems is very necessary to plan cables, towers and most importantly network coverage.

Market Demand

In simple words the Geographic Information Systems bridges the gap between the business and the customer. It helps with the shopping zones and shopping patterns of customers and gives relevant suggestions when you re- login. This is for customers. For the businesses the GIS systems creates a geographic pattern by utilizing geospatial data to let business get an idea about market demand.

Capacity

Planning One more reason why the GIS play an important role in telecommunications is for rural development. As computers have become mandatory even in villages, telecom companies have to understand the network capacity of a particular region. So if GIS solutions are put to use then there can be a logical networking structure. So it greatly impacts the decisions made based on the data from existing network structure and performance status.

It manipulates collected geographical data to give us map display through which we can retrieve the geographical information of various places. With the application of this technology, various tools are created to scrutinize spatial data, creating maps and displaying these data to the user.
When the geographical information is kept in spreadsheets with written coordinates user finds difficulties in using them. But after putting this information on a map it becomes extremely easier for any users to use these data.

Use of GIS is seen in a broad sector but it is used mainly in environment impact forecasting, plotting infectious disease spreading areas, highway planning, even the districting mapping. Numerous software is there using GIS technology like ArcGIS, superGis, SAGAGIS, JUMP GIS, QGIS, GRASS GIS. Esri Arc GIS is known as world’s best GIS software. Government and business organization uses this kind of software mainly to analyze spatial data. Like how much forest in located inside the city or state boundary or what is the number of endangered species in a particular area etc.

GIS is cost effective for handling geographical data. Keeping the geographical information in papers are very tedious and expensive to handle. But GIS software keeps the record of all these data as theme layers. And through this process, the expenses in record keeping of geographical information decreases.

Technicality behind GIS

The data which is to be stored is GIs are digital data. The hard copy of data can be transformed into digital information by computer aided design popularly known as Cad program. Geographical information is collected through satellite, heads- up digitalization and a real source.

If someone relates the forest area map of a particular region to its state map it will be easier to locate which part of the state is abundant with trees and which area is suffering from huge tree loses. The exact work is done by GIS by collecting data from different sources and combining them to create a huge geographical map. The first step for GIS is collecting source data. For that geocode system like Zipping or coordinates of latitude or longitude of different locations are required. Various kind of information can be entered into GIS in map form. Even if a normal form of data is fed into GIS it can convert it into recognizable form.

Through GIS one can see a real world entity in digitalization form and this representation is done in two ways. The real world objects are taken as two types by GIS. One is discrete objects and continues fields. There were mainly two types of methods to store data in GIS. They are raster images and vector. These data storing process use lines, points and polygons to represent the attributes of a location.

There are also several processes by which data can be entered into GIS. Information on papers which is known as PET film map can be digitalized to produce raster data which can be converted into vector data. Coordinate geometry or COGO can be used to enter direct survey data into GIS. The position of things from GNSS which is known as global navigation satellite system can also be collected and entered into GIS. In data collection remotely sensed data through sensors like cameras, the digital scanner, satellites etc. also have a significant effect. Recently miniature UAVs are used to collect aerial data. Photo interpretation of aerial photos has become a major source for data collection. After data collection and feeding data into GIS, these data needs editing. GIS also consist of a data reconstructing method through which one form of data can be converted into another type. As an example, a map data can be converted into a vector data.

GIS In India

India started using GIS in 1980. India launched its remote sensing satellite in this year with an allocation of GIS-based mapping. In 2000 the creation of National Spatial Data Infrastructure was started. GIs in India can be a medium of connecting the wide disparity of geographical locations and through which development of citizens can be done. National GIS has become an important domain for digital mapping of lands, economic growth, and social interactions. Now the Government of India Planning Commission’s Twelfth five-year plan 2012-2017 has included National GIS as a new initiative. India now has 5 GIS policy and they are National Map Policy, Remote Sensing Data Policy, Civil Aviation Requirement, Delhi Geographical Spatial Data Infrastructure and National Data and Accessibility Policy. These policies are important for National GIS its further advancement.

Present applications and Future of GIS

The present application of GIS includes Emergency management, cartography or mapmaking, forest management, homeland security, environmental security, medicine and health care, real estate development, transportation, social services, water resource management and urban planning and development etc. Google map is one of the applications of GIS. In the Mars Odyssey mission, the THEMIS camera and optics were used which took about 20, 000 images of Mars surface. From these, the map of the Martian landscape was built. It was through the use of GIS technology. In 2012 using GIS technology the topography of moon was explored by NASA. They also explored the property of rock by GIS.

Now a day due to the application of GIS it has become easy to find out a mobile or some other digital products in a locality. If aggressive development towards this sector will continue in future, we will able find out each and everything surrounded by us at any time at any place. One day it will be possible to find out each person’s availability in any location through GIS which will help in locating him.
In future, we may be able to track the history of geographical locations of any object by the use of GIS. In future using GIS, a real-time air traffic map can be made or real time of disease eruption can be calculated.